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Pennsylvania is a major producer of milk, eggs, and poultry; fruits, including peaches, grapes, cherries, and apples; hay; corn (maize); mushrooms; and Christmas trees. Ice cream and sausages are important processed food products.
Pennsylvania was often referred to as a breadbasket colony because it grew so many crops, especially wheat. The wheat was ground into flour in flour mills then shipped to England. The Middle Colonies were the big food producing region that included corn and wheat and livestock including beef and pork.
Pennsylvania ranks first in the United States in Agaricus mushroom production (63.8% of U.S. sales volume during 2015–16), fourth in apple production, fourth in Christmas tree production, fifth in dairy sales, fifth in grape production, and seventh in winemaking.
Until the maturation of modern longwall mining in the 1960s, Pennsylvania’s underground bituminous coal production came almost exclusively from room-and-pillar mines. Early room-and-pillar mines did not include retreat mining; they relied on manual labor to cut the coal at the working face and the coal was hauled from the mine by horse and wagon.
During Pennsylvania’s industrial heyday in the 19th and 20th centuries, the Philadelphia and Pittsburgh regions were its primary centres. Eastern Pennsylvania was noted for lighter manufacturing such as textiles, apparel, metal fabrication, and chemicals.
From the earliest days of European settlement, Pennsylvania farm families raised a great variety of plants and animals. Men, women, and children worked together to produce foods for their own consumption and for barter and sale. In the nineteenth century, women generally took care of the poultry, swine, cows,…