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1) A large earthquake nearby will feel like a sudden large jolt followed quickly by more strong shaking that may last a few seconds or up to a couple of minutes if it’s a rare great event. The shaking will feel violent and it will be difficult to stand up.
A large earthquake far away will feel like a gentle bump followed several seconds later by stronger rolling shaking that may last tens of seconds or up to a couple of minutes for the largest events. A small earthquake nearby will feel like a small sharp jolt followed by a few stronger sharp shakes that pass quickly.
To compare two earthquakes in terms of shaking, you subtract one magnitude from the other and raise 10 to that power: 10^(M1-M2). For example, if the magnitude of one quake is 6 and another is 4, than the difference in magnitudes is 2, so the stronger earthquake shakes 10^2 or 100 times as hard as the milder one.
COVER your head and neck (and your entire body if possible) underneath a sturdy table or desk. If there is no shelter nearby, get down near an interior wall or next to low-lying furniture that won’t fall on you, and cover your head and neck with your arms and hands.
A large earthquake far away will feel like a gentle bump followed several seconds later by stronger rolling shaking that may feel like sharp shaking for a little while. A small earthquake nearby will feel like a small sharp jolt followed by a few stronger sharp shakes that pass quickly.
The second waves to arrive are called “S” (secondary) waves, and while these high-frequency waves are slower they are also larger, so they produce a much stronger jolt. Finally, the low-frequency waves rumble through, causing the ground to roil.
If the energy happens to bounce around and get focused on where you are, that will also amplify the shaking. Low-level vibrations that last for more than a few seconds is not indicative of an earthquake, but is more likely a man-made environmental source. How does the USGS tell the difference between an earthquake and a sonic boom?
Workers in office buildings in downtown Los Angeles, for example, reported feeling a sharp jolt from the 4.5 magnitude Montebello quake, whereas Wednesday’s 5.5 temblor produced a long rolling motion. Why should one earthquake produce sharp jolts and another make the Earth roll back and forth like a ship at sea?